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Allgemeine Chemie II — Energy, Equilibrium & Electrons (Uni Hamburg prep)
by MonaThe second half of Hamburg's first-semester Allgemeine Chemie, where most first-years lose points. Discover why reactions happen at all (thermodynamics), why some spontaneous reactions never seem to occur (kinetics), how far reactions actually go (equilibrium), and how these same ideas govern acids, buffers, batteries, and electrolysis. Builds directly on Allgemeine Chemie I, one focused idea at a time, ending with the tools to walk into the exam confident.
Library
Why Reactions Happen (Thermodynamics)
Lesson 1
The Pouch That Freezes Itself
A hand warmer heats itself and a cold pack freezes itself — both entirely on their own, which should be impossible if reactions only happen because they release energy.
StartLesson 2
The Heat of a Reaction Nobody Can Run
No calorimeter has ever watched graphite turn into diamond — so how does every data book list the heat of that change to two decimal places?
StartLesson 3
Entropy — The Real Driver
Ice melts, perfume spreads, gases mix — with nothing pushing them. Meet the quantity that quietly runs the universe.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 4
Gibbs Free Energy
One equation folds heat and disorder into a single verdict: will it happen? And temperature casts the deciding vote.
Locked till you take the prior lessonHow Fast & How Far (Kinetics and Equilibrium)
Lesson 5
Why Spontaneous ≠ Fast
Your diamond is thermodynamically doomed — it 'wants' to become pencil lead. So why will it outlast you by a billion years?
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 6
The Dynamic Standstill
A sealed flask of reacting gases stops changing colour. Has the reaction finished? The molecules would strongly disagree.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 7
Le Chatelier & the Haber Process
An equilibrium that fed billions of people — and the industrial compromise that had to be struck to make it pay.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 8
K meets ΔG
Two modules, two separate quantities — thermodynamic drive and equilibrium position. They turn out to be the same statement.
Locked till you take the prior lessonAcids, Bases & Buffers
Lesson 9
What Makes an Acid an Acid?
Water is neither acid nor base — except that it is quietly both, and that double life sets the entire pH scale.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 10
The pH Scale & Strong Acids
Stomach acid and drain cleaner differ by a factor of a hundred trillion. One small scale tames that entire range.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 11
Weak Acids & Ka
Vinegar and hydrochloric acid at the same concentration behave nothing alike. Concentration is clearly not the whole story.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 12
Buffers — Blood's Secret Weapon
Your blood must stay within 0.05 pH units or you die. Meanwhile you produce acid all day long. How?
Locked till you take the prior lessonRedox & Electrochemistry
Lesson 13
Redox Revisited & Oxidation Numbers
No oxygen, no obvious electron handover — yet it is unmistakably a redox reaction. You will need better bookkeeping.
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 14
Galvanic Cells — Chemistry Makes Electricity
Drop zinc into copper sulfate and you get warm liquid. Separate the two halves and you get electricity. Why does separation matter?
Locked till you take the prior lessonLesson 15
Nernst, Batteries & Electrolysis
Every dying battery is an equilibrium running out of road — and run current backwards and you can force chemistry uphill.
Locked till you take the prior lesson